Recently bought a house and the yard is not in the shape I would like it to be. Creeping Charlie and crabgrass are very prevalent throughout the yard. The backyard seems to have a thinner stand and is blowing bits of dirt/debris up when mowing which is quite annoying. There are dead spots underneath/around trees. Is there anything that I should do this fall to get ensure the yard is better next year or just wait until spring?
Here is my recommended lawn plan given the conditions and facts you supplied.
If you can do a de-thatch and seed this weekend, then do it. Rent a de-thatcher or buy a corded electric one off Amazon for about $120. Focus on one area you can manage and do a good job staying on top of, otherwise you are running out of time this year. Waiting until Spring is not ideal as you won't be able to control all those crabgrass seeds that your current crop is going to lay down.
Don't worry about the weeds right now. De-thatch aggressively, put down seed, cover with a thin layer of peat moss, and put down starter fertilizer at the label rate. You'll need to figure out the sq. footage of your yard. Get a digital timer that screws on the faucet and water for a few minutes every 4 hours during the day if it's not a rainy day. This makes it easy while you're at work.
Turf-type tall fescue should still germinate in 4-10 days if you are dilligent about keeping the ground moist. You can try to attack the weeds later this Fall perhaps mid-October focusing on the creeping charlie with Ortho CCO. This year's crabgrass will die as it's an annual weed. In my opinion it's too late in Iowa to effectively seed Kentucky Blue Grass. Fescue is much quicker to establish.
In areas you don't seed you can start killing weeds immediately. "Image" brand makes a hose end sprayer herbicide (at Ace Hardware) that does a decent job on crabgrass, but note the crabgrass is not the easiest thing to kill and that's why it's generally prevented with a pre-emergent herbicide in the Spring. In general you can't prevent crabgrass and also seed the same area in the Spring, plus Spring seedlings often die in the hot summer.
Fertilize at least two or three times with a balanced fertilizer following the printed label rate recommendations. Most of your fertilizer in a given year should be done in the Fall.