In the string example, you are applying the force, or whatever the string is attached to. What happens if you remove that force by releasing the string? Its all the same physically speaking. Runner, string, or airplane engine, there are forces at work. The string example is a static force, where the runner and engines are dynamic forces.
As far as the STRAIGHT DOPE example, we know the planes wheels do not do any driving. Thats irrelevant. Wheels are just a tool to minimize friction. I'd guess most modern jet airplanes have the power to take off on a paved runway if even you replaced the wheels with skids.